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Этот метод искусственной активации нейронов называется оптогенетикой. Для того, чтобы светом определенной длины волны (например, синим или красным) активировать нейроны, эти нейроны должны содержать светочувствительные белки, каналородопсины (похожие на опсины нашей сетчатки). Эти белки в естественных условиях есть у водорослей и бактерий. Ученые выяснили структуру этих белков и кодирующих их генов и создали трансгенных мышей, у которых в нейронах появляются каналородопсины, так как геном этих мышей был изменен. Таким образом, в мозге трансгенных мышей оказываются светочувствительные нейроны, которые ученые и могут активировать (или тормозить) по своему желанию с помощью света лазера или диода. (Прим. ред.)
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