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Interview with Vadim Antonov on PSB’s ‘The internet show’ [video], 1995, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzqMrhG50q0

635

Soldatov and Borogan, p. 36.

636

V. Sebestyen, ‘The KGB’s bathhouse plot’, The New York Times, 20 August 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/21/opinion/sunday/the-soviet-coup-that-failed.html

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638

A. Nossik, ‘Russia’s first blogger reacts to Putin’s internet crackdown’, The New Republic, 15 May 2014, https://newrepublic.com/article/117771/putins-internet-crackdown-russias-first-blogger-reacts

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M. Lakhman, ‘Mother Russia does a slow dance with the net’, The New York Times, 7 October 1997, http://partners.nytimes.com/library/cyber/euro/100797euro.html

640

Soldatov and Borogan, p. 52.

641

Soldatov and Borogan, pp. 65–6.

642

Soldatov and Borogan, p. 89.

643

‘Pavel Durov in conversation with Jimmy Wales’ [video], DLD12, 24 January 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hEHd4HbOLYM

644

R. Hutt, ‘The world’s most popular social networks, mapped’, World Economic Forum, 20 March 2017, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/03/most-popular-social-networks-mapped/

645

E. Avriel, ‘The richest Israelis got NIS 10 billion richer in 2013’, Haaretz, 5 June 2013, https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/business/.premium-israel-s-super-rich-really-are-different-1.5273638

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647

J. Yaffa, ‘Is Pavel Durov, Russia’s Zuckerberg, a Kremlin target?’, Bloomberg, 7 August 2013, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-08-01/is-pavel-durov-russias-zuckerberg-a-kremlin-target

648

R. Synowitz, ‘VKontakte by the numbers’, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 24 April 2014, https://www.rferl.org/a/vkontakte-by-the-numbers/25361419.html

649

Согласно другим источникам, купюры просто привязывали к бумажным самолетикам. Как было на самом деле – не очень понятно. – Прим. пер.

650

K. Cutler, ‘VKontakte’s Pavel Durov explains bizarre money-throwing incident’, TechCrunch, 28 October 2013, https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/28/vkontaktes-pavel-durov-explains-bizarre-money-throwing-incident/

651

A. Soldatov and I. Borogan, The Red Web: the struggle between Russia’s digital dictators and the new online revolutionaries, New York NY: PublicAffairs, 2015, p. 98.

652

A. Nossik, ‘Russia’s first blogger reacts to Putin’s internet crackdown’, The New Republic, 15 May 2014, https://newrepublic.com/article/117771/putins-internet-crackdown-russias-first-blogger-reacts”

653

P. Pomerantsev, ‘Putin’s Rasputin’, London Review of Books, 33, no. 20 (2011), pp. 3–6, https://www.lrb.co.uk/v33/n20/peter-pomerantsev/putins-rasputin

654

Nossik, ‘Russia’s first blogger reacts to Putin’s internet crackdown’.

655

D. Hakim, ‘Once celebrated in Russia, the programmer Pavel Durov chooses exile’, The New York Times, 2 December 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/03/technology/once-celebrated-in-russia-programmer-pavel-durov-chooses-exile.html

656

G. Faulconbridge, ‘Kremlin “puppet master” faces errant oligarch’, Reuters, 16 September 2011, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-prokhorov-surkov/kremlin-puppet-master-faces-errant-oligarch-idUSTRE78F2TB20110916

657

Soldatov and Borogan, The Red Web, p. 136.

658

P. Leander and A. Sakhnin, ‘Russia’s Trump’, Jacobin, 11 July 2017, https://jacobinmag.com/2017/07/alexey-navalny-putin-opposition-movement-trump

659

Soldatov and Borogan, The Red Web, p. 140.

660

M. Gessen, The Man Without a Face: the unlikely rise of Vladimir Putin, New York NY: Riverhead Books, 2012, p. 289.

661

Gessen, The Man Without a Face, pp. 287–8.

662

Soldatov and Borogan, The Red Web, p. 125.

663

J. Halliday, ‘Hillary Clinton adviser compares internet to Che Guevara’, The Guardian, 22 June 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/jun/22/hillary-clinton-adviser-alec-ross

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Soldatov and Borogan, The Red Web, p. 149.

665

Yaffa, ‘Is Pavel Durov, Russia’s Zuckerberg, a Kremlin target?

666

C. Johnston, ‘Crime, punishment, and Russia’s original social network’, Motherboard, 12 February 2015, https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/vvbq73/v-for-vkontakte

667

Soldatov and Borogan, The Red Web, p. 153.

668

Вообще эту фразу написал Эдуард Кот; не удалось найти такой же записи у Навального. – Прим. пер.

669

P. Durov, Здравый смысл. Письмо создателя «ВКонтакте» Павла Дурова о цензуре и митингах, Lenta.ru, 12 December 2011, https://lenta.ru/articles/2011/12/12/durov/

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Глава «ВКонтакте» показал спецслужбам собачий язык, Lenta.ru, 9 December 2011, https://lenta.ru/news/2011/12/08/mrdurov/

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O. Razumovskaya, ‘Russian social network: FSB asked it to block Kremlin protesters’, The Wall Street Journal, 8 December 2011, http://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2011/12/08/russian-social-network-fsb-asked-it-to-block-kremlin-protesters/

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Johnston, ‘Crime, punishment, and Russia’s original social network’.

673

Soldatov and Borogan, The Red Web, p. 163.

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Федеральный закон № 139-ФЗ от 28 июля 2012 года «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон “О защите детей от информации, причиняющей вред их здоровью и развитию” и отдельные законодательные акты Российской Федерации».

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‘Russia internet blacklist law takes effect’, BBC News, 1 November 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology- 20096274

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Soldatov and Borogan, The Red Web, p. 166.

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M. Kiselyova, ‘Usmanov tightens hold on Russian social net VKontakte as founder sells stake’, Reuters, 24 January 2014, https://www.reuters.com/article/russia-vkontakte/usmanov-tightens-hold-on-russian-social-net-vkontakte-as-founder-sells-stake-idUSL5N0KY3DQ20140124

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I. Lunden, ‘Durov, out for good from VK.com, plans a mobile social network outside Russia’, TechCrunch, 22 April 2014, https://techcrunch.com/2014/04/22/durov-out-for-good-from-vk-com-plans-a-mobile-social-network-outside-russia/

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‘Russia’s Mail.Ru buys remaining stake in VKontakte for $1.5 bln’, Reuters, 16 September 2014, https://www.reuters.com/article/russia-mailru-group-vkontakte/russias-mail-ru-buys-remaining-stake-in-vkontakte-for-1–5-bln-idUSL6N0RH28K20140916

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Lunden, ‘Durov, out for good from VK.com’; N. Kononov, ‘The Kremlin’s social media takeover’, The New York Times, 10 March 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/11/opinion/the-kremlins-social-media-takeover.html?_r=0

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V. Walt, ‘With Telegram, a reclusive social media star rises again’, Fortune, 23 February 2016, http://fortune.com/telegram-pavel-durov-mobile-world-congress/

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‘FAQ’, Telegram, https://telegram.org/faq#q-do-you-process-data-requests

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G. Greenwald, No Place to Hide: Edward Snowden, the NSA, and the US surveillance state, New York NY: Henry Holt and Company, 2014, p. 7.

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R. McCormick, ‘Edward Snowden’s favorite encrypted chat app is now on Android’, The Verge, 3 November 2015, https://www.theverge.com/2015/11/3/9662724/signal-encrypted-chat-app-android-edward-snowden

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R. Kilpatrick, ‘China blocks Telegram messenger, blamed for aiding human rights lawyers’, Hong Kong Free Press, 13 July 2015, https://www.hongkongfp.com/2015/07/13/china-blocks-telegram-messenger-blamed-for-aiding-human-rights-lawyers/

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CNN Library,