Frans de Waal (2001).
65
Satoshi Hirata et al. (2001).
66
David Premack and Ann Premack (1994).
67
Josep Call (2004), Juliane Bräuer et al. (2006).
68
Josep Call (2006).
69
Daniel Lehrman (1953).
70
Richard Burkhardt (2005), p. 390.
71
Ibid., p. 370; Hans Kruuk (2003).
72
Frank Beach (1950).
73
Donald Dewsbury (2000).
74
John Garcia et al. (1955).
75
Shettleworth (2010).
76
Hans Kummer et al. (1990).
77
Frans de Waal (2003b).
78
Hans Kruuk (2003), p. 157.
79
Niko Tinbergen and Walter Kruyt (1938).
80
Frans de Waal (2007 [orig. 1982]).
81
Wolfgang Kцhler (1925). The German original, Intelligenzprüfungen an Anthropoiden, appeared in 1917.
82
Robert Yerkes (1925), p. 120.
83
Robert Epstein (1987).
84
Emil Menzel (1972). Menzel was interviewed by the author in 2001.
85
Jane Goodall (1986), p. 357.
86
Frans de Waal (2007 [orig. 1982]).
87
Jennifer Pokorny and Frans de Waal (2009).
88
John Marzluff and Tony Angell (2005), p. 24.
89
John Marzluff et al. (2010); Garry Hamilton (2012).
90
Michael Sheehan and Elizabeth Tibbetts (2011).
91
Johan Bolhuis and Clive Wynne (2009), see also Frans de Waal (2009a).
92
Marco Vasconcelos et al. (2012).
93
Jonathan Buckley et al. (2010).
94
Barry Allen (1997).
95
M. M. Günther and Christophe Boesch (1993).
96
Gen Yamakoshi (1998).
97
«Tool use is the external employment of an unattached environmental object to alter more efficiently the form, position, or condition of another object, another organism, or the user itself when the user holds or carries the tool during or just prior to use and is responsible for the proper and effective orientation of the tool.» Benjamin Beck (1980), p. 10.
98
Robert Amant and Thomas Horton (2008).
99
Jane Goodall (1967), p. 32.
100
Crickette Sanz et al. (2010).
101
Christophe Boesch et al. (2009), Ebang Wilfried and Juichi Yamagiwa (2014).
102
William McGrew (2010).
103
Jill Pruetz and Paco Bertolani (2007).
104
Tetsuro Matsuzawa (1994), Noriko Inoue-Nakamura and Tetsuro Matsuzawa (1997).
105
Jürgen Lethmate (1982).
106
Carel van Schaik et al. (1999).
107
Thibaud Gruber et al. (2010), Esther Herrmann et al. (2008).
108
Thomas Breuer et al. (2005), Jean-Felix Kinani and Dawn Zimmerman (2015).
109
Eduardo Ottoni and Massimo Mannu (2001).
110
Dorothy Fragaszy et al. (2004).
111
Julio Mercader et al. (2007).
112
Elisabetta Visalberghi and Luca Limongelli (1994).
113
Luca Limongelli et al. (1995), Gema Martin-Ordas et al. (2008).
114
William Mason (1976), pp. 292–93.
115
Michael Gumert et al. (2009).
116
«Honey Badgers: Masters of Mayhem,» Nature, broadcast Feb. 19, 2014, Public Broadcasting Service.
117
Alex Weir et al. (2002).
118
Gavin Hunt (1996), Hunt and Russell Gray (2004).
119
Christopher Bird and Nathan Emery (2009), Alex Taylor and Russell Gray (2009), Sarah Jelbert et al. (2014).
120
Alex Taylor et al. (2014).
121
Natacha Mendes et al. (2007), Daniel Hanus et al. (2011).
122
Daniel Hanus et al. (2011).
123
Gavin Hunt et al. (2007), p. 291.
124
William McGrew (2013).
125
Alex Taylor et al. (2007).
126
Nathan Emery and Nicola Clayton (2004).
127
Vladimir Dinets et al. (2013).
128
Julian Finn et al. (2009).
129
Bishop of Polignac, cited in Corbey (2005), p. 54.
130
Nadezhda Ladygina-Kohts (2002 [orig. 1935]).
131
Herbert Terrace et al. (1979).
132
Irene Pepperberg (2008).
133
Michele Alexander and Terri Fisher (2003).
134
Norman Malcolm (1973), p. 17.
135
Jerry Fodor (1975), p. 56.
136
Irene Pepperberg (1999).
137
Bruce Moore (1992).
138
Alice Auersperg et al. (2012).
139
Ewen Callaway (2012).
140
Sarah Boysen and Gary Berntson (1989).
141
Irene Pepperberg (2012).
142
Irene Pepperberg (1999), p. 327.
143
Sapolsky (2010).
144
Evolution of Language International Conferences, www.evolang.org.
145
Frans de Waal (2007 [orig. 1982], de Waal (1996), de Waal (2009a).
146
Dorothy Cheney and Robert Seyfarth (1990).
147
Kate Arnold and Klaus Zuberbьhler (2008).
148
Toshitaka Suzuki (2014).
149
Brandon Wheeler and Julia Fischer (2012).
150
Tabitha Price (2013), Nicholas Ducheminsky et al. (2014).
151
Amy Pollick and Frans de Waal (2007), Katja Liebal et al. (2013), Catherine Hobaiter and Richard Byrne (2014).
152
Frans de Waal (2003a).
153
In 1980 Thomas Sebeok and the New York Academy of Sciences organized a conference entitled «The Clever Hans Phenomenon: Communication with Horses, Whales, Apes, and People.»
154
Sue Savage-Rumbaugh and Roger Lewin (1994), p. 50, Jean Aitchison (2000).
155
Muhammad Spocter et al. (2010).
156
Sandra Wohlgemuth et al. (2014).
157
Andreas Pfenning et al. (2014).
158
Frans de Waal (1997), p. 38.
159
Robert Yerkes (1925), p. 79.
160
Oliver Sacks (1985).
161
Robert Yerkes (1943).
162
Vilmos Csónyi (2000), Alexandra Horowitz (2009), Brian Hare and Vanessa Woods (2013).
163
Tiffani Howell et al. (2013).
164
Sally Satel and Scott Lilienfeld (2013).
165
Craig Ferris et al. (2001), John Marzluff et al. (2012).
166
Gregory Berns (2013).
167
Gregory Berns et al. (2013).
168
Sana Inoue and Tetsuro Matsuzawa (2007), Alan Silberberg and David Kearns (2009), Tetsuro Matsuzawa (2009).
169
Jo Thompson (2002).
170
David Premack (2010), p. 30.
171
Marc Hauser interviewed by Jerry Adler (2008).
172
The Public Broadcasting Service entitled a 2010 series The Human Spark.
173
Alfred Russel Wallace (1869), p. 392.
174
Suzana Herculano-Houzel et al. (2014), Ferris Jabr (2014).
175
Katerina Semendeferi et al. (2002), Suzana Herculano-Houzel (2009), Frederico Azevedo et al. (2009).
176
Ajit Varki and Danny Brower (2013), Thomas Suddendorf (2013), Michael Tomasello (2014).
177
Jeremy Taylor (2009), Helene Guldberg (2010).
178
Virginia Morell (2013), p. 232.
179
Robert Sorge et al. (2014).
180
Emil Menzel (1974).
181
Katie Hall et al. (2014).
182
David Premack and Guy Woodruff (1978).
183
Frans de Waal (2008), Stephanie Preston (2013).
184
Adam Smith (1976 [orig. 1759]), p. 10.
185
J. B. Siebenaler and David Caldwell (1956), p. 126.
186
Frans de Waal (2005), p. 191.
187
Frans de Waal (2009a).
188
Shinya Yamamoto et al. (2009).
189
Yuko Hattori et al. (2012).
190
Henry Wellman et al. (2000).
191
Ljerka Ostojicґ et al. (2013).
192
Daniel Povinelli (1998).
193
Derek Penn and Daniel Povinelli (2007).
194
David Leavens et al. (1996), Autumn Hostetter et al. (2001).
195
Catherine Crockford et al. (2012), Anne Marijke Schel et al. (2013).
196
Brian Hare et al. (2001).
197
Hika Kuroshima et al. (2003), Anne Marije Overduin-de Vries et al. (2013).
198
Anna Ilona Roberts et al. (2013).
199
Daniel Povinelli (2000).
200
Esther Herrmann et al. (2007).
201
Yuko Hattori et al. (2010).
202
Allan Gardner et al. (2011).
203
Frans de Waal (2001), de Waal et al. (2008), Christophe Boesch (2007).
204
Nathan Emery and Nicky Clayton (2001).
205
Thomas Bugnyar and Bernd Heinrich (2005); see also «Quoth the Raven», Economist, May 13, 2004.
206
Josep Call and Michael Tomasello (2008).
207
Atsuko Saito and Kazutaka Shinozuka (2013), p. 689.
208
Brian Hare et al. (2002), Бdбm Miklуsi et al. (2003), Hare and Michael Tomasello (2005), Monique Udell et al. (2008, 2010), Mбrta Gбcsi et al. (2009).
209
Miho Nagasawa et al. (2015).
210
Leslie White (1959), p. 5.
211
Edward Thorndike (1898), p. 50, Michael Tomasello and Josep Call (1997).
212
Michael Tomasello et al. (1993ab), David Bjorklund et al. (2000).
213
Victoria Horner and Andrew Whiten (2005).
214
David Premack (2010).
215
Andrew Whiten et al. (2005), Victoria Horner et al. (2006), Kristin Bonnie et al. (2006), Horner and Frans de Waal (2010), Horner and de Waal (2009).
216
Michael Huffman (1996), p. 276.
217
Edwin van Leeuwen et al. (2014).
218
William McGrew and Caroline Tutin (1978).
219
Frans de Waal (2001), de Waal and Kristin Bonnie (2009).
220
Elizabeth Lonsdorf et al. (2004).
221
Victoria Horner et al. (2010), Rachel Kendal et al. (2015).
222
Christine Caldwell and Andrew Whiten (2002).
223
Friederike Range and Zsуfia Virбnyi (2014).
224
Jeremy Kagan (2004), David Premack (2007).
225
Charles Darwin, Notebook M, 1838, http://darwin-online.org.uk.
226
Lydia Hopper et al. (2008).
227
Frans de Waal (2009a), Delia Fuhrmann et al. (2014).