Читать интересную книгу Полезная еда - Колин Кэмпбелл

23. Dotan Y., Lichtenberg D., Pinchuk I. No Evidence Supports Vitamin E Indiscriminate Supplementation // Biofactors, 2009. Vol. 35, N. 6. P. 469–473; Blumberg J., Frei B. Why Clinical Trials of Vitamin E and Cardiovascular Diseases May Be Fatally Flawed // Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 2007. Vol. 43, N. 10. P. 1374–1376.

24. Aggarwal et al. Tocotrienols.

25. Farbstein et al. Antioxidant Vitamins.

26. Lonn et al. Effects of Long-Term Vitamin E.

27. Bjelakovic et al. Mortality in Randomized Trials; Miller et al. Meta-analysis.

28. Ebbesson S. O. et al. Fatty Acid Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome Components: The GOCADAN Study // Journal of the Cardiometabolic Syndrome, 2007. Vol. 2, N. 4. P. 244–249.

29. Lopez-Garcia E., Schulze M. B., Manson J. E. et al. Consumption of (n-3) Fatty Acids Is Related to Plasma Biomarkers of Inflammation and Endothelial Activation in Women // Journal of Nutrition, 2004. Vol. 134, N. 7. P. 1806–1811; Deckelbaum R. J., Worgall T. S., Seo T. n-3 Fatty Acids and Gene Expression // Suppl., American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2006. Vol. 83, N. 6. P. 1520S–1525S.

30. Kaushik S. V., Mozaffarian D., Spiegelman D. et al. Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Fish Intake, and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus // American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2009. Vol. 90, N. 3. P. 613–620.

31. Hooper L. et al. Risks and Benefits of Omega 3 Fats for Mortality, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer: Systematic Review // BMJ, 2006. Vol. 332, N. 7544. P. 752–760.

32. Kaushik et al. Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids.

33. Foote C. S., Chang Y. C., Denny R. W. Chemistry of Singlet Oxygen. X. Carotenoid Quenching Parallels Biological Protection // Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1970. Vol. 92, N. 17. P. 5216–5218; Packer J. E., Mahood J. S., Mora-Arellano V. O. et al. Free Radicals and Singlet Oxygen Scavengers: Reaction of a Peroxy-radical with β-carotene, Diphenyl Furan and 1,4-diazobicyclo(2,2,2)-octane // Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 1981. Vol. 98, N. 4. P. 901–906.

34. Peto R., Doll R., Buckley J. D. Can Dietary Beta-Carotene Materially Reduce Human Cancer Rates? // Nature, 1981. Vol. 290, N. 5803. P. 201–208.

35. Omenn G. S. Chemoprevention of Lung Cancers: Lessons from CARET, the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial, and Prospects for the Future // European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 2007. Vol. 16, N. 3. P. 184–191.

36. Omenn G. S. et al. Effects of a Combination of Beta Carotene and Vitamin A on Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease // New England Journal of Medicine, 1996. Vol. 334, N. 18. P. 1150–1155.

37. Omenn. Chemoprevention of Lung Cancers.

38. Saremi A., Arora R. Vitamin E and Cardiovascular Disease // American Journal of Therapeutics, 2010. Vol. 17, N. 3. P. e56–e65; Farbstein et al. Antioxidant Vitamins.

39. Augustyniak et al. Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants.

40. Augustyniak et al. Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants; Farbstein et al. Antioxidant Vitamins; Aggarwal et al. Toco­trienols; Dotan et al. No Evidence Supports Vitamin E; Ndhlala A. R., Moyo M., Van Staden J. Natural Antioxidants: Fascinating or Mythical Biomolecules? // Molecules, 2010. Vol. 15, N. 10. P. 6905–6930; Becker E. M., Nissen L. R., Skibsted L. H. Antioxidant Evaluation Protocols: Food Quality or Health Effects // European Food Research and Technology, 2004. Vol. 219, N. 6. P. 561–571.

Глава 12

1. Pimentel D. et al. Environmental and Economic Costs of Soil Erosion and Conservation Benefits // Science, 1995. Vol. 267, N. 5201. P. 1117–1123; Segelken R. in Cornell University news release (Ithaca, NY, 1997); Pimentel D. in Canadian Society of Animal Science Meetings (Montreal, 1997).

2. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Deforestation Causes Global Warming // News release, September 4, 2006 // http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000385/index.html.

3. Steinfeld H., Gerber P., Wassenaar T. et al. Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome (2006) // ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a0701e/a0701e00.pdf.

4. Steinfeld H., Gerber P., Wassenaar T. et al. Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome (2006) // ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a0701e/a0701e00.pdf.

5. Goodland R. Our choices to overcome the climate crisis // NGO Global Forum 14. Gwangju, Korea, 2011.

6. Надо отметить, что не все методы скотоводства способствуют глобальному потеплению. Есть данные, что при хорошем уходе и выпасе коровы даже снижают выделение углерода, способствуя накоплению почв и улучшая плодородность лугов (What’s Your Beef? // National Trust, 2012 // http://animalwelfareapproved.org/2012/05/16/national-trust-%E2%80%93-%E2%80%98what%E2%80%99s-your-beef%E2%80%99-report/). Выводы этой статьи о пользе мяса для здоровья неграмотны, однако исследование депонирования углерода выглядит обоснованным.

7. Kromm D. E. Ogallala Aquifer // Water Encyclopedia, по состоянию на 11 ноября 2012 года // http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Oc-Po/Ogallala-Aquifer.html; Manjula V. Guru and James E. Horne, The Ogallala Aquifer. Poteau, Oklahoma: The Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture, 2000 // http://www.kerrcenter.com/publications/ogallala_aquifer.pdf.

8. Manjula V. Guru and James E. Horne, The Ogallala Aquifer.

9. Manjula V. Guru and James E. Horne, The Ogallala Aquifer.

10. Manjula V. Guru and James E. Horne, The Ogallala Aquifer.

11. Manjula V. Guru and James E. Horne, The Ogallala Aquifer.

12. Barnard N. D. Foods That Fight Pain: Revolutionary New Strategies for Maximum Pain Relief. New York: Three Rivers Press, 1999. P. 368.

Часть III

Глава 14

1. Hildenbrand G. L., Hildenbrand L. C., Bradford K., Cavin S. W. Five-Year Survival Rates of Melanoma Patients Treated by Diet Therapy after the Manner of Gerson: A Retrospective Review // Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 1995. Vol. 1, N. 4. P. 29–37.

2. Доктор Макс Герсон выступал в защиту преимущественно растительной диеты в качестве возможного лекарства от рака начиная с 1936 года и был резко осужден на слушаниях Сената США в 1940-е годы.

3. Kavanagh D., Hill A. D., Djikstra B. et al. Adjuvant Therapies in the Treatment of Stage II and III Malignant Melanoma // Surgeon, 2005. Vol. 3, N. 4. P. 245–256.

4. Dewar D. J., Newell B., Green M. A. et al. The Microanatomic Location of Metastatic Melanoma in Sentinel Lymph Nodes Predicts Nonsentinel Lymph Node Involvement // Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2004. Vol. 22, N. 16. P. 3345–3349.

5. Dewar D. J., Newell B., Green M. A. et al. The Microanatomic Location of Metastatic Melanoma in Sentinel Lymph Nodes Predicts Nonsentinel Lymph Node Involvement // Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2004. Vol. 22, N. 16. P. 3345–3349.

6. Это довольно грубая оценка. В год ставят около 1 млн онкологических диагнозов: ежегодно от рака умирает примерно 500 тыс. человек, а смертность среди пациентов — 50%.

7. Light D. W., Warburton R. N. Extraordinary Claims Require Extraordinary Evidence // Journal of Health Economics, 2005. Vol. 24. P. 1030–1033.

8. Light D. W., Warburton R. N. Drug R&D Costs Questioned: Widely Quoted Average Cost to Bring Drugs to Market Doesn’t Appear to Hold Up to Scrutiny // Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, 2011, July 1. Vol. 31, N. 13 // http://www.genengnews.com/gen-articles/drug-r-d-costs-questioned/3707/.

9. Direct-to-Consumer Advertising // Wikipedia, последнее обновление от 16 апреля 2012 года // http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-to-consumer_advertising.

10. Big Pharma Spends More on Advertising Than Research and Develop­ment, Study Finds // ScienceDaily (blog), January 7, 2008 // http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080105140107.htm.

11. The Mount Sinai Hospital/Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Majority of Pharmaceutical Ads Do Not Adhere to FDA Guidelines, New Study Finds // ScienceDaily, August 18, 2011 // http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110818093052.htm.

12. York University. Big Pharma Spends More on Advertising than Research and Development, Study Finds // ScienceDaily, January 7, 2008 // http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080105140107.htm.

13. Pharmaceutical Industry // Wikipedia, последнее обновление от 30 октября 2012 года // http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_Industry.

14. Wikipedia. List by countries by GDP (nominal), по состоянию на 2 декабря 2012 года // http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal).

15. Yusuf S. Two Decades of Progress in Preventing Vascular Disease // Lancet, 2002. Vol. 360, N. 9326. P. 2–3; Wald N. J., Law M. R. A Strategy to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease by More Than 80% // BMJ, 2003. Vol. 326, N. 7404. P. 1419–1424; Lonn E., Bosch J., Teo K. K. et al. The Polypill in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases: Key Concepts, Current Status, Challenges, and Future Directions // Circulation, 2010. Vol. 122, N. 20. P. 2078–2088.

16. Wald and Law. A Strategy to Reduce.

17. Lonn et al. The Polypill.

18. Wald and Law. A Strategy to Reduce.

19. Combination Pharmacology and Public Health Research Working Group. Combination Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disease // Annals of Internal Medicine, 2005. Vol. 143, N. 8. P. 593–599; Wise J. Polypill Holds Promise for People with Chronic Disease // Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2005. Vol. 83, N. 12. P. 885–887.

20. Lonn et al. The Polypill.

21. Ebrahim S., Beswick A., Burke M., Davey S. G. Multiple Risk Factor Interventions for Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease // Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews, October 18, 2006: CD001561.

22. Ebrahim et al. Multiple risk factor interventions.

23. Frequently Asked Questions August 2010: CODEX and Dietary Supple­ments // CodexFund.com, по состоянию на 11 ноября 2012 года // http://www.codexfund.com/faq.htm.

24. Committee on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer, Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1982.

25. Thurston. Dietary Supplements.

26. Thurston. Dietary Supplements. Оценки размеров индустрии пищевых добавок варьируют в зависимости от того, какие продукты учитываются. Нутриенты — только часть этого рынка.

Глава 15

1. Однако в последние годы профессоров, желающих проводить исследования, все чаще принуждают искать финансирование, чтобы покрыть расходы на их зарплату.

2. Martinson B. C., Anderson M. S., de Vries R. Scientists Behaving Badly // Nature, 2005, June 9. Vol. 435. P. 737–738.

3. Исследования нашей лаборатории практически полностью финансировал Национальный институт рака НИЗ и в небольшом объеме — Американский институт исследований рака, Американское онкологическое общество и другие общественные организации.

4. Farbstein et al. Antioxidant Vitamins.

5. Bjelakovic et al. Mortality in Randomized Trials; Miller et al. Meta-analysis; Lonn et al. Effects of Long-Term Vitamin E.

6. Augustyniak et al. Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants; Farbstein et al. Antioxidant Vitamins; Aggarwal et al., Tocotrienols.

Глава 16

1. Smith R. Medical Journals: A Gaggle of Golden Geese // BMJ Group (blog), July 3, 2012 // http://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2012/07/03/richard-smith-medical-journals-a-gaggle-of-golden-geese/.

2. Lundh A., Barbateskovic M., Hrobjartsson A., Gotzsche P. C. Conflicts of Interest at Medical Journals: The Influence of Industry-Supported Randomised Trials on Journal Impact Factors and Revenue — Cohort Study // PLoS Medicine, 2010. Vol. 7. P. 1–7.

3. Handel A. E., Patel S. V., Pakpoor J. et al. High Reprint Orders in Medical Journals and Pharmaceutical Industry Funding: Case-control Study // British Medical Journal, 2012, June 28. Vol. 344. P. e4214, doi:10.1136/bmj.e4212.

4. Goldstein J. Whole Foods CEO: «We sell a bunch of junk» // Wall Street Journal Health Blog, August 6, 2009 // http://blogs.wsj.com/health/2009/08/05/whole-foods-ceo-we-sell-a-bunch-of-junk/.

5. Goldhamer A., Lisle D. L., Parpia B. et al. Medically Supervised Water-Only Fasting in the Treatment of Hypertension // Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 2001. Vol. 24, N. 5. P. 335–339; Goldhamer A., Lisle D. L., Parpia B. et al. Medically Supervised Water-Only Fasting in the Treatment of Borderline Hypertension // Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 2002, October. Vol. 8, N. 5. P. 643–650.

6. Gardner C. D., Kiazand A., Alhassan S. et al. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for Change in Weight and Related Risk Factors among Overweight Premenopausal Women. The A to Z Weight Loss Study: A Randomized Trial // Journal of the American Medical Association, 2007. Vol. 297, N. 9. P. 969–977.

7. Grants / The Dr. Robert C. and Veronica Atkins Foundation. По состоянию на 1 ноября 2012 года // http://www.atkinsfoundation.org/grants.asp.

8. Lehrer J. The News Hour with Jim Lehrer. January 20, 2007.

9. Emery C., Rockoff J. Cancer Death Rate Falls // News & Observer (Raleigh, NC), January 18, 2007, 1A, 14A.

10. Associated Press. Cancer Deaths Drop for 2nd Straight Year // MSNBC.com, January 17, 2007 // http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16668688/ns/health-cancer/t/cancer-deaths-decline-nd-straight-year/.

11. Associated Press. Cancer Deaths Drop for 2nd Straight Year // MSNBC.com, January 17, 2007 // http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16668688/ns/health-cancer/t/cancer-deaths-decline-nd-straight-year/.

12. National Cancer Institute. NCI Budget Requests. Последние обновления от 1 ноября 2011 года // http://www.cancer.gov/aboutnci/servingpeople/nci-budget-information/requests.

13. Obituary: Sidney Harman, 1918–2011 // BloombergBusinessweek, April 14, 2011 // http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/11_17/b4225024048922.htm.

14. Alberto Ibargüen, President and CEO // John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, 2012 // http://www.knightfoundation.org/staff/alberto-ibarguen/.

15. Anna Spangler Nelson, Trustee // John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, 2012 // http://www.knightfoundation.org/staff/anna-spangler-nelson/.