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487
Viktoria Schneider and David Pearce, “What Saved the Whales? An Economic Analysis of 20th Century Whaling,” Biodiversity and Conservation 13 (2004): 453–562, https://doi.org/10.1023/B: BIOC.0000009489.08502.1a.
488
Viktoria Schneider and David Pearce, “What Saved the Whales? An Economic Analysis of 20th Century Whaling,” Biodiversity and Conservation 13 (2004): 453–562, https://doi.org/10.1023/B: BIOC.0000009489.08502.1a.
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Viktoria Schneider and David Pearce, “What Saved the Whales? An Economic Analysis of 20th Century Whaling.”
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493
Schneider and Pearce, “What Saved the Whales? An Economic Analysis of 20th Century Whaling.” The economists stress that there can still be a role for environmental regulation. “While international agreements may have limited effectiveness, there is plenty of evidence to suggest that domestic policies are potent ways of ‘tunnelling through’ the Environmental Kuznets Curve.”
494
J. C. Fisher and R. H. Pry, “A Simple Substitution Model of Technological Change,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 3 (1971–72): 75–88, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(71)80005-7.
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Cesare Marchetti, “A Personal Memoir: From Terawatts to Witches,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 37, no. 4 (1990): 409–414, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1625(90)90049-2.
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Cesare Marchetti, “A Personal Memoir: From Terawatts to Witches,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 37, no. 4 (1990): 409–414, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1625(90)90049-2.
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C. Marchetti and N. Nakicenovic, The Dynamics of Energy Systems and the Logistic Substitution Model, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, December 1979, http://pure.МИПСА. ac.at/id/eprint/1024/1/RR-79-013.pdf.
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Marchetti, “A Personal Memoir: From Terawatts to Witches.”
499
Cesare Marchetti, “Primary Energy Substitution Models: On the Interaction Between Energy and Society,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 10, no. 4 (1977): 345–56, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1625(77)90031-2.
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Marchetti and Nakicenovic, The Dynamics of Energy Systems and the Logistic Substitution Model.
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Michael Williams, Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis, An Abridgment (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 162.
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Marchetti, “Primary Energy Substitution Models.”
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Richard Rhodes, Energy: A Human History (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018).
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Cesare Marchetti, “Primary Energy Substitution Models.”
505
In liquid form, natural gas has 54 MJ/kg, but liquefaction of natural gas requires significant amounts of energy. Smil, Power Density, 13.
506
Ibid., 13, 122. The original calculations of the carbon-to-hydrogen ratio for fossil fuels are from Nebojša Nakiceovic, “Freeing Energy from Carbon,” Daedalus 125, no. 3 (Summer 1996), 95–112, http://pure.МИПСА. ac.at/id/eprint/4850/1/RR-97-04.pdf. Natural gas is typically made up of methane, ethane, and propane. Methane comprises 73–95 percent of the natural gas that comes out of the earth and produces 35 MJ/kg compared to coal’s 25 MJ/kg.
507
Nebojša Nakiceovic, “Freeing Energy from Carbon,” 99.
508
Tyler Hodge, “EIA Forecasts Slower Growth in Natural Gas – Fired Generation While Renewable Energy Rises,” Today in Energy, U.S. Energy Information Administration, January 16, 2020, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=42497.
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BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019, 68th Edition, BP, June 2019, https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf. “Access to Clean Cooking,” SDG7: Data and Projections, International Energy Agency, November 2019, https://www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-data-and-projections/access-to-clean-cooking. Energy Access Outlook 2017, International Energy Agency, October 2017, https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/274. In 2018, coal provided 27 percent of primary energy, not the 4 percent Marchetti had predicted. Natural gas provided 24 percent, not the 65 percent he had projected. Nuclear power provided 4 percent, not the 10 percent he had forecast.
510
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019, 68th Edition, BP, June 2019, https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf. “Access to Clean Cooking,” SDG7: Data and Projections, International Energy Agency, November 2019, https://www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-data-and-projections/access-to-clean-cooking. Energy Access Outlook 2017, International Energy Agency, October 2017, https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/274. In 2018, coal provided 27 percent of primary energy, not the 4 percent Marchetti had predicted. Natural gas provided 24 percent, not the 65 percent he had projected. Nuclear power provided 4 percent, not the 10 percent he had forecast.
511
Gasland, written and directed by Josh Fox, HBO, 2010.
512
Ian Urbina, “Regulation Lax as Gas Wells’ Tainted Water Hits Rivers,” New York Times, February 26, 2011, https://www.nytimes.com.
513
State of Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, Department of Natural Resources, Gasland (Denver: Department of Natural Resources, June 2013), accessed January 15, 2020, https://www.energyindepth.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/GASLAND-DOC.pdf.
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State of Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, Department of Natural Resources, Gasland (Denver: Department of Natural Resources, June 2013), accessed January 15, 2020, https://www.energyindepth.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/GASLAND-DOC.pdf.
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kwashnak, “The Famous Burning Well of Colfax – Louisiana Historical Markers,” Waymarking, accessed November 8, 2019, https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM8XQ8_The_Famous_Burning_Well_of_Colfax.
516
Phelim McAleer, Ann McElhinney, and Magdalena Segieda, dirs., FrackNation (Ann and Phelim Media, 2013), quoted