Thomas and Dave Macomber).
18. Mark Magee, “Every Generation Has a Legend,“ Shift.com, http://www. shift.com/content/web/259/l.html.
19. Probot productions, no longer on Web.
20. Chris Albrecht, индивидуальное интервью, июль 2005.
21. Amy Harmon, “'Star Wars' Fan Films Come Tumbling Back to Earth,“ New York Times, April 28, 2002.
22. Will Brooker, Using the Force: Creativity, Community and Star Wars Fans (New York: Continuum, 2002), pp. 164–171.
23. См. полную версию дискуссии в Henryjenkins, Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture (NewYork: Routledge, 1992), pp. 30–32.
24. Fan Fiction on the Net, http://members.aol.com:80/ksnicholas/fanfic/ index.htm.
25. Janelie Brown, «Fan Fiction on the Line, «Wired.com, August 11,1997, http://www.wired.eom/news/topstories/0.1287.5934.00.htm.
26. Brooker, Using the Force, p. 167.
27. David R. Phillips, “The 500-Pound Wookiee,“ Echo Station, August
1,1999, http://www.echostation.com/features/lfl_wookiee.htm.
28. Richard Jinman, “Star Wars,“ Australian Magazine, June 17,1995, pp. 30–39.
29. Объявление, размещенная на домашней странице официального сайта «Звездных войн», согласно цитированию Elizabeth Durack, «fans, starwars.con,» Echo Station, March 12, 2000, http://www.echostation.com/ editorials/confans.html.
30. Elizabeth Durack, «fans.starwars.con,» Echo Station, March 12, 2000, http://www.echostation.com/editorials/confans.htm.
31. Atom Films, “The Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards,“ http://atomfilms. shockwave.com/af/spotlight/collections/starwars/submit.html.
32. McCracken, Plenitude, p. 84.
33. Ibid., p. 85.
34. См. любопытное эссе, представляющее собой альтернативу попыткам Питера Джексона навязать фанатам «Властелина Колец» более коммерческий подход, свойственный фанатам «Звездный войн»: Elana Shefrin, «Lord of the Rings, Star Wars, and Participatory Fandom: Mapping New Congruencies between the Internet and Media Entertainment Culture, «Critical Studies in Media Communication, September 2004, pp. 261–281.
35. Raph Koster, «The Rules of Online World Design,» http://www.legend-mud.org/raph/gaming/gdc.htm.
36. Если не указано иное, цитаты Ральфа Костера взяты из личного интервью с автором, имевшим место в октябре 2004 г.
37. Kurt Squire, “Interview with Raph Koster,“ JoysticklOl, http://www. Iegendmud.org/raph/gaming/joystickl01.html.
38. Koster, “The Rules of Online World Design.“
39. Richard A. Bartie, Designing Virtual Worlds (Indianapolis: New Riders, 2004), p. 244.
40. Raph Koster, “Letter to the Community,“ http://starwarsgalaxies.station.sony.com/team_commnts_old.jsp?id=56266&page=Team%2 °Com-ments.
41. Kurt Squire and Constance Steinkuehler, “The Genesis of 'Cyberculture': The Case of Star Wars Galaxies,“ in Cyberlines: Languages and Cultures of the Internet (Albert Park, Australia: James Nicholas). См. также Kurt Squire, «Star Wars Galaxies: A Case Study in Participatory Design,» joystick 101, http:// www.joysticklOI.org.
42. Squire and Steinkuehler, «Genesis of' Cyberculture.' «For another interesting account of fan creativity within Star Wars Galaxies, see Douglas Thomas, «Before the Jump to Lightspeed: Negotiating Permanence and Change in Star Wars Galaxies,» presented at the Creative Gamers Conference, University of Tampiere, Tampiere, Finland January 2005.
43. Я обязан Дугу Томасу за то, что он обратил мое внимание на этот феномен. Томас пишет о барных музыкантах и других формах низовой креативности в “Before the Jump to Lightspeed“.
ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ К ГЛАВЕ 5
1. Доказательства, подтверждающие это утверждение, более полно представлены в книге Henry Jenkins, “Childhood Innocence and Other Myths,“ в ред. Henry Jenkins, The Children's Culture Reader (New York: New York University Press, 1998).
2. Если не упомянуто противное, все цитаты Хизер Лоувер взяты из интервью с автором, август 2003.
3. Heather Lawver, “То the Adults,“ http://www.dprophet.com/hq/openletter.html.
4. Ibid.
5. Другие способы, которые используют дети для решения повседневных проблем через выдуманные истории, см. работе Henry Jenkins, “ Going Bonkers! Children, Play, and Pee-Wee,» в ред. Constance Penley and Sharon Willis, Male Trouble (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993).
6. Anne Haas Dyson, Writing Superheroes: Contemporary Childhood, Popula Culture, and Classroom Literacy (New York: Teacher's College Press, 1997).
7. Примеры см. в Christine Schoefer, «Harry Potter's Girl Trouble,» Salon, January 13, 2000, http://dir.salon.com/books/feature/2000/01/13/potter/in-dex.html?sid=566202. Опровержения см. в Chris Gregory, «Hands Off Harry Potter! Have Critics of J.K. Rowling's Books Even Read Them?» Salon, March
1,2000, http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2000/03/01 /harrypotter.
8. Ellen Seiter, Sold Separately: Children and Parents in Consumer Culture (Ne Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1993).
9. James Gee, Language, Learning, and Gaming: A Critique of Traditional Schooling (New York: Routledge, 2005), в форме рукописи.
10. Flourish, интервью с автором, август 2003.
11. В качестве примера см. Shelby Anne Wolf and Shirley Brice Heath, Braid of Literature: Children's World of Reading (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992).
12. Женя, электронная переписка с автором, июль 2005.
13. Флориш, интервью с автором, август 2003.
14. Ресурс Sugar Quill, http://www.sugarquill.net.
15. Sweeney Agonistes, интервью с автором, август 2003.
16. Elizabeth Durack, “Beta Reading!“ Writers University, http://www.writ-ersu.com/WU//modules.php?name+News&file=article&sid=17.
17. R. W. Black, “ Anime – inspired Affiliation: A n Ethnographic Inquiry into the Literacy and Social Practices of English Language Learners Writing in the Fanfiction Community,“ представлено на собрании 2004 года ассоциации American Educational Research Association, San Diego, доступно по ссылке: http://labweb.education.wisc.edu/rooml30/PDFS/lnRevision.pdf.
18. Интервью с автором, август 2003.
19. Gee, Language, Learning, and Gaming.
20. «The Leaky Cauldron» June 16, 2001, http://www.the-leaky-cauldron. org/MTarchives/000767.html.
21. Tracy Mayor, «Taking Liberties with Harry Potter,» Boston Globe Magazine, June 29, 2003.
22. Stephanie Grunier and John Lippman, «Warner Bros. Claim Harry Potter Sites,» Wall Street Journal Online, December 20, 2000, http://zdnet.com. com/2102-ll_2-503255.html; «Kids 1 – Warner Bros. 0: When the Big Studio Set Its Hounds on Some Harry Potter Fan Web Sites, It Didn't Bargain on the Potterhead Rebellion,» Vancouver Sun, November 17, 2001.
23. Клэр Филд, интервью с автором, август 2003.
24. “Defense Against the Dark Arts“ http://www.dprophet.com/dada/.
25. Ryan Buell, “Fans Call for War; Warner Bros. Claim Misunderstanding!“ http://www.entertainment-rewired.com/fan_appology.htm.
26. Cm. http://www.dprophet.com/dada/.
27. “Fan Fiction, Chilling Effects,“ http://www.chillingeffects.org/fanfic.
28. Brad Templeton, “10 Big Myths about Copyright Explained“ http:// www.templetons.com/brad/copymyths.html.
29. В качестве примера см. Rebecca Tushnet, «Legal Fictions: Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,» Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Journal, 1977, accessed online at http://www.tushnet.com/law/fanficar-ticle.html; A. T. Lee,“ Copyright 101: A Brief Introduction to Copyright for Fan Fiction Authors,“ Whoosh! October 1998, http://www.whoosh.org/issue25/ leeel.html.
30. Katie Dean, “Copyright Crusaders Hit Schools,“ Wired, August 13,2004, http://www.wired.eom/news/digiwood/0.1412.64543.00.html.
31. Rosemary Coombe and