class="p">128
Max Fisher, “ ‘It’s Really Close’: How the Amazon Rainforest Could SelfDestruct,” New York Times, August 30, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com.
129
Symonds, “Amazon Rainforest Fires: Here’s What’s Really Happening.”
130
Franklin Foer, “The Amazon Fires Are More Dangerous than WMDs,” The Atlantic, August 24, 2019. Alexander Zaitchik, “Rainforest on Fire,” The Intercept, July 6, 2019, https://theclimatecenter.org/rainforest-on-fire.
131
Emmanuel Macron, “Our house is burning. Literally. The Amazon rainforest – the lungs which produces 20 % of our planet’s oxygen – is on fire. It is an international crisis. Members of the G7 Summit, let’s discuss this emergency first order in two days! #ActForTheAmazon,” Twitter, August 22, 2019, 12:15 p.m., https://twitter.com/emmanuelmacron/status/1164617008962527232.
132
Kendra Pierre-Louis, “The Amazon, Siberia, Indonesia: A World of Fire,” New York Times, August 28, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com.
133
“Communication to the Committee on the Rights of the Child in the Case of Sacchi et al. v. Argentina et al.,” September 23, 2019, https://childrenvsclimatecrisis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/2019.09.23-CRC-communication-Sacchi-et-al-v.-Argentina-et-al-2.pdf.
134
“Land Use,” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RL.
135
Jane Brody, “Concern for the Rainforest Has Begun to Blossom,” New York Times, October 13, 1987, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com.
136
Michael Shellenberger, “An Interview with Founder of Earth Innovation, Dan Nepstad,” Environmental Progress, August 25, 2019, http://environmentalprogress.org/big-news/2019/8/29/an-interview-with-founder-of-earth-innovation-dan-nepstad.
137
Yadvinder Malhi, “Does the Amazon Provide 20 % of Our Oxygen?” August 24, 2019, http://www.yadvindermalhi.org/blog/does-the-amazon-provide-20-of-our-oxygen.
138
Doyle Rice, “What Would the Earth Be Like Without the Amazon Rainforest?” USA Today, August 28, 2019, https://www.usatoday.com.
139
Valerie Richardson, “Celebrities Get Fact-Checked After Sharing Fake Photos of Amazon Rainforest Fire,” Washington Times, August 26, 2019, https://www.washingtontimes.com.
140
“Aerial View of the Taim Ecological Station on Fire,” Baltimore Sun, March 29, 2013, http://darkroom.baltimoresun.com.
141
Niraj Chokshi, “As Amazon Fires Spread, So Do the Misleading Photos,” New York Times, August 23, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com.
142
“PRODES-Amazônia,” Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, November 18, 2019, accessed December 16, 2019, http://www.obt.inpe.br/OBT/assuntos/programas/amazonia/prodes.
143
“Monitoramento dos Focos Ativos por Países,” Queimadas Instituto Nacional De Pesquisas Espaciais, January 1, 2020, http://queimadas.dgi.inpe.br/queimadas/portal-static/estatisticas_paises.
144
Michael Shellenberger, “An Interview with Founder of Earth Innovation, Dan Nepstad,” Environmental Progress, August 25, 2019, http://environmentalprogress.org/big-news/2019/8/29/an-interview-with-founder-of-earth-innovation-dan-nepstad.
145
Luke Gibson, Tien Ming Lee, Lian Pin Koh et al., “Primary Forests Are Irreplaceable for Sustaining Tropical Biodiversity,” Nature, no. 478 (2011): 378–381, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10425.
146
Years of Living Dangerously, season 2, episode 4, “Fueling the Fire,” directed by Jon Meyersohn and Jonathan Schienberg, National Geographic, November 16, 2016.
147
Michael Williams, Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis, an Abridgment (Chicago: University of Chicago, 2006), 87, 106.
148
Germany’s per capita carbon emissions in 2018 were 10.0 tons per capita as 82.8 million Germans emitted 830 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent. Brazil’s 211 million people emitted 2000 million tons of CO2 in 2018 including from Amazon deforestation and fires, a rate of 9.5 tonnes per capita. German emission data: German Federal Environmental Agency, “Indicator: Greenhouse gas emissions,” Umwelt Bundesamt, https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/indicator-greenhouse-gas-emissions. Brazil carbon emission data: “Total Emissions,” SEEG Brazil, accessed February 2, 2020, http://plataforma.seeg.eco.br/total_emission.
149
N. Andela, D. C. Morton, L. Giglio et al., “A human-driven decline in global burned area,” Science 356, no. 6345 (June 30, 2017): 1356–1362, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal4108. Xiao Peng Song, M. C. Hansen, S. V. Stehman et al., “Global land change from 1982 to 2016,” Nature, no. 560 (August 8, 2018): 639–643, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0411-9.
150
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO, “FAOSTAT Statistical Database,” FAOSTAT, accessed January 15, 2020, http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data. Between 1995 and 2015, forested area in Europe increased by over 17 million hectares. Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Denmark are a combined 15.6 million hectares.
151
Alex Gray, “Sweden’s forests have doubled in size over the last 100 years,” World Economic Forum, December 13, 2018, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/swedens-forests-have-been-growing-for-100-years.
152
Jing M. Chen, Weimin Ju, Philippe Ciais et al., “Vegetation Structural Change Since 1981 Significantly Enhanced the Terrestrial Carbon Sink,” Nature Communications 10, no. 4259 (October 2019): 1–7, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-12257-8.pdf.
153
“The significant reduction in deforestation that has taken place in recent years, despite rising food commodity prices, indicates that policies put in place to curb conversion of native vegetation to agriculture land might be effective. This can improve the prospects for protecting native vegetation by investing in agricultural intensification.” Alberto G. O. P. Barretto, Göran Berndes, Gerd Sparovek, and Stefan Wirsenius, “Agricultural Intensification in Brazil and Its Effects on Land-Use Patterns: An Analysis of the 1975–2006 Period,” Global Change Biology 19, no. 6 (2013): 1804–1815, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12174.
154
Jing M. Chen et al., “Vegetation structural change since 1981 significantly enhanced the terrestrial carbon sink,” Nature Communications 10, no. 4259 (October 2019): 1–7, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-12257–8.pdf.
155
Jing M. Chen et al., “Vegetation structural change since 1981 significantly enhanced the terrestrial carbon sink,” Nature Communications 10, no. 4259 (October 2019): 1–7, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-12257–8.pdf.
156
Jon Lloyd and Graham D. Farquhar, “Effects of Rising Temperatures and Carbon Dioxide on the Physiology of Tropical Forest Trees,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 363, no. 1498 (February 2008): 1811–1817, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.0032.
157
Sean M. McMahon, Geoffrey G. Parker, and Dawn R. Miller, “Evidence for a Recent Increase in Forest Growth,” Proceedings of the