Law, Science, and Technology 8 (2007): 607–622.
45
См., например: Kenneth Anderson and Matthew C. Waxman, “Law and Ethics for Autonomous Weapon Systems: Why a Ban Won’t Work and How the Laws of War Can,” Hoover Institution Stanford University Task Force on XationalSecurity and Law (2013), где дается ответ на кампанию «Остановить роботов-убийц» (Campaign to Stop Killer Robots).
46
P. W. Singer, Wiredfor War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Century (New York: Penguin, 2009), 435.
47
Ray Kurzweil, The Age of Spiritual Machines (New York: Penguin, 1999).
48
Rebecca Crootof, “A Meaningful F100r for Meaningful Human Control,” Temple International and Comparative Law Journal 30 (2016): 53–62; Paul Scharre, “Centaur Warfighting: The False Choice of Humans vs. Automation,” Temple International and Comparative Law Journal 30 (2016): 151–166.
49
Jeffrey L. Caton, Autonomous Weapon Systems: A Brief Survey of Developmental, Operational, Legal, and Ethical Issues (Carlisle, PA: US Army War College Press, 2015); Liang Qiao and Xiangsui Wang, Unrestricted Warfare: China’s Master Plan to Destroy America, trans. Al Santoli (Panama City: Pan American Publishing, 2000).
50
Проекты по анализу лиц, упомянутые в этом абзаце, критикуются в работе: Frank Pasquale, “When Machine Learning is Facially Invalid,” Communications of the ACM 61, no. 9 (2018): 25–27.
51
David Castlevecchi, “Can We Open the Black Box of Al?” Scientific American, October 5, 2016, https://www.scientificamerican.com/ article/can-we-open-the-black-box-of-ai/.
52
Jennifer Kavanagh and Michael D. Rich, Truth Decay: An Initial Exploration of the Diminishing Role of Facts and Analysis in American Public Life, Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2018, https://www.rand. org/pubs/research_reports/RR23i4.html; Alice Marwick and Rebecca Lewis, Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online (New York: Data and Society, 2017), https://datasociety.net/pubs/oh/DataAndSocie-ty_MediaManipulationAndDisinformationOnline.pdf.
53
О различии между речью и поведении см., например: Claudia Haupt, “Professional Speech,” Yale Law Journal 125, no. 5 (2016): 1238–1303.
54
Как показывает Джил Эйал, экспертные знания вполне могут существовать вне эксперта, не только в виде набора пропозиционально выраженных знаний, но и в качестве институтов. См.: Gil Eyal, The Crisis of Expertise (Medford, MA: Polity Press, 2019).
55
Alex (Sandy) Pentland, Honest Signals: How They Shape Our World (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008), где обсуждаются социометрические индикаторы.
56
См.: Andrew Abbott, The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014); Eliot Freidson, Professionalism, The Third Logic: On the Practice of Knowledge (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).
57
Подробное обсуждение «автоматизации добродетели» см. в: Ian Kerr, “Digital Locks and the Automation of Virtue,” in From Radical Extremism to Balanced Copyright: Canadian Copyright and the Digital Agenda, ed. Michael Geist (Toronto: Irwin Law, 2010), 247–303.
58
Hope Reese, “Updated: Autonomous Driving Levels о to 5: Understanding the Differences,” TechRepublic, January 20, 2016, http:// www.techrepublic.com/article/autonomous-driving-levels-o-to-5-understanding-the-differences/.
59
Кэти О’Нил, Убийственные большие данные: как математика превратилась в оружие массового поражения (Москва: ACT, 2018); Frank Pasquale, The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015); Da-nah Boyd and Kate Crawford, “Critical Questions for Big Data: Provocations for a Cultural, Technological, and Scholarly Phenomenon.” Information, Communication, and Society 15, no. 5 (2012): 662–679.
60
Bryant Walker Smith, “How Governments Can Promote Automated Driving,” New Mexico Law Review 47 (2017): 99-138.
61
Ibid., 114.
62
Я привожу здесь лишь очевидные примеры. Подробное описание будущей работы, сосредоточенное в основном на приспособлении к новой технологии, см. в: Thomas Frey, “55 Jobs of the Future,” Futurist Speaker, November 11, 2011, http://www.futu-ristspeaker.com/business-trends/55-jobs-of-the-future/.
63
US Department of Transportation, Federal Automated Vehicles Policy: Accelerating the Next Revolution in Roadway Safety (September 2016), 9, https://www.transportation.gov/AV/federal-automated-vehicles-policy-september-2016.
64
Критическую роль будут играть правила, определяющие ответственность. См.: Marc Canellas and Rachel Haga, “Unsafe at Any Level: The U. S. NHTSA’s Levels of Automation Are a Liability for Automated Vehicles,” Communications of the ACM 63, no. 3 (2020): 31–34.
65
Чисто технологические проблемы тоже не так-то просто решить. См.: Roberto Baldwin, “Self-Driving Cars are Taking Longer to Build Than Everyone Thought,” Car and Driver, May 10, 2020, https://www.caranddriver.com/features/a32266303/self-driving-cars-are-taking-longer-to-build-than-everyone-thought/.
66
Al Now Institute, Al Now 201g Report, December 2019, 8, 45–47, https://ainowinstitute.org/AI_Now_2019_Report.pdf.
67
Henry Mance, “Britain Has Had Enough of Experts, says Gove,” Financial Times, June 3, 2016, https://www.ft.com/ content/3be49734-29cb-ne6-83e4-abc22d5dio8c.
68
Gil Eyal, The Crisis of Expertise (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2019), 20.
69
По воспоминаниям генерала Рэймонда Томаса (Главное управление войск специального назначения США), который упомянул, что это было сказано ему в июле 2016 г. Эриком Шмидтом, председателем правления Google. См.: Kate Conger and Cade Metz, “ T Could Solve Most of Your Problems’: Eric Schmidt’s Pentagon Offensive,” Xew York Times, May 2, 2020, https://www.nytimes. com/2020/05/02/technology/eric-schmidt-pentagon-google.html.
70
Will Davies, “Elite Power under Advanced Neoliberalism,” Theory, Culture and Society 34, nos. 5–6 (2017): 233.
71
Я считаю, что эта интеграция демократических и экспертокра-тических ценностей может стать ключом к решению проблемы разделения между «диггерами» и «левеллерами» в исследованиях науки и технологии, которую отчетливо сформулировал Филип Мировски в своей недавней работе: Philip Mirowski, “Democracy, Expertise and the Post-truth Era: An Inquiry into the Contemporary Politics of STS,” (working paper, version 1.1, April 2020), https://www.academia.edu/42682483/Democracy_Expertise_ and_the_Post-Truth_Era_An_Inquiry_into_the_Contemporary_ Politics_of_STS.
72
Hubert L. Dreyfus, What Computers Still Can’t Do