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76 Alex Kerr, Dogs and Demons: The Tall of Modern Japan (London, 2001). Pp. 261–266.

77 Gavan McCormack, Client State: Japan in the American Embrace (London, 2007). Pp. 45–69.

78 Lisa Haines, ‘World’s Largest Pension Funds Top $10 Trillion’, Financial News, 5.9.2007.

79 ‘Living Dangerously’, Economist, 22.1.2004.

80 Philip Bobbitt, Terror and Consent: The Wars for the Twenty-first Century (New York, 2008), особенно стр. 98-179.

81 Suleiman abu Gheith, цитата по работе Боббита из п. 80. Р. 119.

82 Graham Allison, ‘Time to Bury a Dangerous Legacy, Part 1’, Yale Global, 14.3.2008. См. его же работу: Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate Preventable Catastrophe (Cambridge, MA, 2004).

83 Michael D. Intriligator and Abdullah Toukan, ‘Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction’, in Peter Ко tana, Michael D. Intriligator and John P. Sullivan (eds.), Countering Terrorism and WMD: Creating a Global Counter-terrorism Network (New York, 2006), table 4.1 A.

84 Cm.: IPCC, Climate Change loop: Synthesis Report (Valencia, 2007).

85 Robert Looney, ‘Economic Costs to the United States Stemming from the 9/11 Attacks’, Center for Contemporary Conflict Strategic Insight (5.8.2002).

86 Robert E. Litan, ‘Sharing and Reducing the Financial Risks of Future Mega-Catastrophes’, Brookings Issues in Economic Policy, 4 (March 2006).

87 William Hutchings, ‘Citadel Builds a Diverse Business’, Financial News, 3.10.2007.

88 Marcia Vickers, ‘A Hedge Fund Superstar’, Fortune, 3.4.2007.

89 Joseph Santos, ‘A History of Futures Trading in the United States’, South Dakota University MS.

V. Как за каменной стеной

1 Philip Е. Orbanes, Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game-And How It Got That Way (New York, 2006). Pp. 10–71.

2 Ibid., р. 50.

3 Ibid., р. 86.

4 Ibid., р. 90.

5 Robert J. Shiller, ‘Understanding Recent Trends in House Prices and Home Ownership’, paper presented at Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City’s Jackson Hole Conference (August 2007).

6 http://www. canongate. net/Who Owns В ritain/Do The MathsOn Land Ownership.

7 David Cannadine, Aspects of Aristocracy: Grandeur and Decline in Modern Britain (New Haven, 1994). P. 170.

8 Я благодарен Грегори Кларку за предоставленную статистику.

9 Frederick В. Heath, ‘The Grenvilles, in the Nineteenth Century: The Emergence of Commercial Affiliations’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 25, 1 (November 1961). P. 29.

10 Heath, ‘Grenvilles’. P. 32.

11 Ibid., р. 35.

12 David Spring and Eileen Spring, ‘The Fall of the Grenvilles’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 19, 2 (February 1956). Р. 166. 13 Ibid., р. 177.

14 Подробнее см.: Spring and Spring, ‘Fall of the Grenvilles’. Рр. 169–174.

15 Ibid., р. 185.

16 Heath, ‘Grenvilles’. Р. 39.

17 Spring and Spring, ‘Fall of the Grenvilles’. Р. 183.

18 Heath,’Grenvilles’. Р. 40.

19 Ibid., р. 46.

20 Ben Bernanke, ‘Housing, Housing Finance, and Monetary Policy’, speech at the Kansas City Federal Reserve Bank’s Jackson Hole Conference (31.8.2007).

21 Louis Hyman, ‘Debtor Nation: How Consumer Credit Built Postwar America’, unpublished Ph.D. thesis (Harvard University, 2007), ch. 1.

22 Edward E. Learner, ‘Housing and the Business Cycle’, paper presented at Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City’s Jackson Hole Conference (August 2007).

23 Saronne Ruby an-Ling, ‘The Detroit Murals of Diego Rivera’, History Today, 46, 4 (April 1996). Pp. 34–38.

24 Donald Lochbiler, ‘Battle of the Garden Court’, Detroit News, 15-7-1997-

25 Hyman, ‘Debtor Nation’, ch. 2.

26 Thomas J. Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit (Princeton, 1996). P. 64.

27 Ibid., pp. 38–43.

28 Hyman, ‘Debtor Nation’, ch. 5.

29 Sugrue, Origins of the Urban Crisis. P. 259.

30 О недавнем случае в Детройте см.: Ben Lefebvre, ‘Justice Dept. Accuses Detroit Bank of Bias in Lending’, New York Times, 20.5.2004.

31 Glen O’Hara, From Dreams to Disillusionment: Economic and Social Planning in 1960s Britain (Basingstoke, 2007), ch. 5.

32 Bernanke, ‘Housing, Housing Finance, and Monetary Policy’. См. также: Roger Loewenstein, ‘Who Needs the Mortgage-Interest Deduction?’, New York Times Magazine, 5.3.2006.

33 Nigel Lawson, The View from No. it: Memoirs of a Tory Radical (London, 1992). P. 821.

34 Living in Britain: General Household Survey 2002 (London, 2003). P. 30: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=82i.

35 Ned Eichler, ‘Homebuilding in the 1980s: Crisis or Transition?’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 465 (January 1983). P. 37.

36 Maureen O’Hara, ‘Property Rights and the Financial Firm’, Journal of Law and Economics, 24 (October 1981). Pp. 317–332.

37 Eichler, ‘Homebuilding’. P. 40. См. также: Henry N. Pontell and Kitty Calavita, ‘White-Collar Crime in the Savings and Loan Scandal’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 525 (January 1993). P. 31–45; Marcia Millon Cornett and Hassan Teh-ranian, ‘An Examination of the Impact of the Garn-St Germain Depository Institutions Act of 1982 on Commercial Banks and Savings and Loans', Journal of Linance, 45,1 (March 1990). Pp. 95-111.

38 Henry N. Pontell and Kitty Calavita, ‘The Savings and Loan Industry’, Crime and Justice, 18 (1993). P. 211.

39 Ibid., p. 208.

40 F. Stevens Redburn, ‘The Deeper Structure of the Savings and Loan Disaster’, Political Science and Politics, 24, 3 (September 1991). P. 439.

41 Pontell and Calavita, ‘White-Collar Crime’. P. 37.

42 Allen Pusey, ‘Fast Money and Fraud’, New York Times, 23.4.1989.

43 K. Calavita, R. Tillman, and H. N. Pontell, ‘The Savings and Loan Debacle, Financial Crime and the State’, Annual Review of Sociology, 23 (1997). P. 23.

44 Pontell and Calavita, ‘Savings and Loans Industry’. P. 215.

45 Calavita, Tillman and Pontell, ‘Savings and Loan Debacle’. P. 24.

46 Allen Pusey and Christi Harlan, ‘Bankers Shared in Profits from I-30 Deals’, Dallas Morning News, 29.1.1986.

47 Allen Pusey and Christi Harlan, T-30 Real Estate Deals: A “Virtual Money Machine”, Dallas Morning News, 26.1.1986.

48 Pusey, ‘Fast Money and Fraud’.

49 Pontell and Calavita, ‘White-Collar Crime’. P. 43. См. также: Kitty Calavita and Henry N. Pontell, ‘The State and White-Collar Crime: Saving the Savings and Loans’, Law Society Review, 28, 2 (1994). Pp. 297–324.

50 Cначала были опасения, что потери окажутся больше. В 1990-м власти называли сумму вплоть до 500 миллиардов долларов. По другим оценкам речь шла о триллионе долларов и даже больше: Pontell and Calavita, ‘Savings and Loan Industry’. P. 203.

51 Весьма живописный рассказ об этом см.: Michael Lewis, Liar's Poker (London, 1989). Pp. 78-124.

52 Bernanke, ‘Housing, Housing Finance, and Monetary Policy’.

53 Значительную помощь в расчетах мне оказал Джозеф Бариллари. Morris A. Davisa, Andreas Lehnert and Robert F. Martin, ‘The Rent-Price Ratio for the Aggregate Stock of Owner-Occupied Housing’, Working paper (December 2007).

54 Shiller, ‘Recent Trends in House Prices’.

55 Carmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff, ‘Is the 2007 Sub-Prime Financial Crisis So Different? An International Historical Comparison’, Draft Working Paper (14.1.2008).

56 Mark Whitehouse, ‘Debt Bomb: Inside the “Subprime” Mortgage Debacle’, Wall Street Journal, 30.5.2007. P. Ai.

57 Cm. Kimberly Blanton, ‘A “Smoking Gun” on Race, Subprime Loans’, Boston Globe, 16.3.2007.

58 ‘U.S. Housing Bust Fuels Blame Game’, Wall Street Journal, 19.3.2008. См. также: David Wessel, ‘Housing Bust Offers Insights’, Wall Street Journal, 10.4.2008.

59 Henry Louis Gates Jr., ‘Forty Acres and a Gap in Wealth’, New York Times, 18.11.2007.

60 Andy Meek, ‘Frayser Foreclosures Revealed’, Daily News, 21.9.2006.

61 http://www. responsiblelending. org/page.jsp? itemID =32 032 op.

62 Credit Suisse, ‘Foreclosure Trends – A Sobering Reality’, Fixed Income Research (23.4.2008).

63 Cm.: Prabha Natarajan, ‘Fannie, Freddie Could Hurt U.S. Credit’, Wall Street Journal, 15.4.2008.

64 Economic Report of the President 200/, tables В-77 и B-76: http:// www.gpoaccess.gov/eop/

65 George Magnus, ‘Managing Minsky’, UBS research paper, 27.3.2008.

66 Hernando de Soto, The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else (London, 2001).

67 Idem, ‘Interview: Land and Freedom’, New Scientist, 27.4.2002.

68 Idem, The Other Path (New York, 1989).

69 Rafael Di Telia, Sebastian Galiani and Ernesto Schargrodsky, ‘The Formation of Beliefs: Evidence from the Allocation of Land Titles to Squatters’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122,1 (February 2007). Pp. 209–241.

70 The Mystery of Capital Deepens’, The Economist, 26.8.2006.

71 Cm.: John Gravois, ‘The De Soto Delusion’, Slate, 29.1.2005: http: //state, msn. com/id/2112/ 92/

72 Вся прибыль банка переводится в Фонд реабилитации, созданный для борьбы с чрезвычайными ситуациями, – благодаря этому Grameen избавляется от налога на прибыль корпораций.

73 Connie Black, ‘Millions for Millions’, New Yorker, 30.10.2006. Pp. 62–73.

74 Shiller, ‘Recent Trends in House Prices’.

75 Edward L. Glaeser and Joseph Gyourko, ‘Housing Dynamics’, NBER Working Paper 12787 (обновленная версия, 31.3.2007).

76 Robert J. Shiller, The New Financial Order: Risk in the 21st Century (Princeton, 2003).

VI. От империи к Кимерике

i Dominic Wilson and Roopa Purushothaman, ‘Dreaming with the BRICs: The Path to 2050’, Goldman Sachs Global Economics Paper, 99 (1.10.2003). См. также: Jim O’Neill, ‘Building Better Global Economic BRICs’, Goldman Sachs Global Economics Paper, 66 (30.11.2001); Jim O’Neill, Dominic Wilson, Roopa Purushothaman and Anna Stupnytska, ‘How Solid are the BRICs?’, Goldman Sachs Global Economics Paper, 134 (1.12.2005).

2 Dominic Wilson and Anna Stupnytska, ‘The N-n: More than an Acronym’, Goldman Sachs Global Economics Paper, 153 (28.3.2007).

3 Goldman Sachs Global Economics Group, BRICs and Beyond (London, 2007), особенно стр. 45–72, 103–108.

4 Этот аргумент приводится Кеннетом Померанцем, см.: Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton/Oxford, 2000). Некоторые ученые оценивают положение Китая в 1700 году более сдержанно, см. например: Angus Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (Paris, 2001).

5 Подсчитано на основе оценок валового внутреннего продукта на душу населения, см.: Maddison, World Economy, table В-21.

6 Pomeranz, Great Divergence.

7 Наиболее важные из недавних работ на эту тему: Eric Jones, The European Miracle: Environments, Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia (Cambridge, 1981); David S. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some are So Rich and Some So Poor (New York, 1998); Joel Mokyr, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Princeton, 2002); Gregory Clark, A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World (Princeton, 2007).

8 William N. Goetzmann, ‘Fibonacci and the Financial Revolution’, NBER Working Paper 10352 (March 2004).

9 William N. Goetzmann, Andrey D. Ukhov and Ning Zhu, ‘China and the World Financial Markets, 1870–1930: Modern Lessons from Historical Globalization’, Economic History Review (forthcoming).

10 Nicholas Crafts, ‘Globalisation and Growth in the Twentieth Century’, International Monetary Fund Working Paper, 00/44 (март 2000). См. также: Richard E. Baldwin and Philippe Martin, ‘Two Waves of Globalization: Superficial Similarities, Fundamental Differences’, NBER Working Paper 6904 (January 1999).

11 Barry R. Chiswick and Timothy J. Hatton, ‘International Migration and the Integration of Labor Markets’, in Michael D. Bordo, Alan M. Taylor and Jeffrey G. Williamson (eds.), Globalization in Historical Perspective (Chicago, 2003). Pp. 65-120.

12 Maurice Obstfeld and Alan M. Taylor, ‘Globalization and Capital Markets’, in Michael D. Bordo, Alan M. Taylor and Jeffrey G.

Williamson (eds.), Globalization in Historical Perspective (Chicago, 2003). P. i/3ff.

13 Clark, Farewell, chs. 13, 14.