E. Hegner, and Gregory F. Ball, "Whither the Challenge Hypothesis?",
Hormones and Behavior 123 (2020): 104588.
254
Peter T. Ellison, On Fertile Ground: A Natural History of Human Reproduction (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 260.
255
Возможно, у людей развился специализированный механизм, позволяющий быстро оценивать способность мужчины бороться или удерживать ресурсы. Aaron Sell, Leda Cosmides, John Tooby, Daniel Sznycer, Christopher von Rueden, and Michael Gurven, "Human Adaptations for the Visual Assessment of Strength and Fighting Ability from the Body and Face," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1656 (2009): 575–84.
256
Daemon Fairless, Mad Blood Stirring: The Inner Lives of Violent Men (Toronto: Random House Canada, 2018), 4–7.
257
American Psychological Association, "Harmful Masculinity and Violence," In the Public Interest newsletter, September 2018, https://www.apa.org/pi/about/newsletter/2018/09/harmful-masculinity.
258
Matthew Gutmann, "Testosterone Is Widely, and Wildly, Misunderstood," Psyche newsletter, Aeon, March 10, 2020, https://aeon.co/ideas/testosterone-is-widely-and-sometimes-wildly-misunderstood.
259
Peter Landesman, "A Woman's Work," The New York Times, September 15, 2002.
260
О частоте и типах проявления физической агрессии женщин в отношении партнеров: Helen Gavin and Theresa Porter, Female Aggression (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2014), 64–68.
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John Archer, "Sex Differences in Aggression Between Heterosexual Partners: A Meta-Analytic Review," Psychological Bulletin 126, no. 5 (2000): 651–80; Sherry L. Hamby, "Measuring Gender Differences in Partner Violence: Implications from Research on Other Forms of Violent and Socially Undesirable Behavior," Sex Roles 52, no. 11–12 (2005): 725–42; Murray A. Straus, "Dominance and Symmetry in Partner Violence by Male and Female University Students in 32 Nations," Children and Youth Services Review 30, no. 3 (2008): 252–75.
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Leonardo Christov-Moore, Elizabeth A. Simpson, Gino Coudé, Kristina Grigaityte, Marco Iacobini, and Pier Francesco Ferrari, "Empathy: Gender Effects in Brain and Behavior," Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 46, pt. 4 (2014): 604–27.
263
Margo Wilson and Martin Daly, "Lethal and Nonlethal Violence Against Wives and the Evolutionary Psychology of Male Sexual Proprietariness," in Rethinking Violence Against Women, ed. Russell Dobash (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1998), 224; Chelsea M. Spencer and Sandra M. Stith, "Risk Factors for Male Perpetration and Female Victimization of Intimate Partner Homicide: A Meta-Analysis," Trauma, Violence, and Abuse 21, no. 3 (2020): 527–40.
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Почему женщины убивают своих сожителей: Wilson and Daly, "Lethal and Nonlethal Violence Against Wives"; Nancy C. Jurik and Russ Winn, "Gender and Homicide: A Comparison of Men and Women Who Kill," Violence and Victims 5, no. 4 (1990): 227–42; Kenneth Polk and David Ranson, "The Role of Gender in Intimate Homicide," Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 24, no. 1 (1991): 15–24; Lisa D. Brush, "Violent Acts and Injurious Outcomes in Married Couples: Methodological Issues in the National Survey of Families and Households," Gender and Society 4, no. 1 (1990): 56–67; Shilan Caman, Katarina Howner, Marianne Kristiansson, and Joakim Sturup, "Differentiating Male and Female Intimate Partner Homicide Perpetrators: A Study of Social, Criminological and Clinical Factors," International Journal of Forensic Mental Health 15, no. 1 (2016): 26–34.
265
John Archer and Sarah M. Coyne, "An Integrated Review of Indirect, Relational, and Social Aggression," Personality and Social Psychology Review 9, no. 3 (2005): 212–30. Об эволюционном взгляде на то, как язык позволяет распространение в обществе влияющей на репутацию информации о людях (сплетен), см. в: Richard Wrangham, The Goodness Paradox: The Strange Relationship Between Virtue and Violence in Human Evolution (New York: Pantheon, 2019), 135–36.
О типах женской агрессии и конкуренции и, возможно, связанных с ними нейроэндокринных медиаторах: Thomas F. Denson, Siobhan M. O'Dean, Khandis R. Blake, and Joanne R. Beames, "Aggression in Women: Behavior, Brain and Hormones," Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 12 (2018): 81.
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Доказательства того, что женщины предпочитают косвенную агрессию прямой (физической), см. в: Joyce F. Benenson, Henry Markovits, Brittany Hultgren, Tuyet Nguyen, Grace Bullock, and Richard Wrangham, "Social Exclusion: More Important to Human Females Than Males," PLoS One 8, no. 2 (2013): e55851; Joyce F. Benenson, Henry Markovits, Melissa Emery Thompson, and Richard W. Wrangham, "Under Threat of Social Exclusion, Females Exclude More Than Males," Psychological Science 22, no. 4 (2011): 538–44; Steven Arnocky and Tracy Vaillancourt, "Sexual Competition Among Women: A Review of the Theory and Supporting Evidence," in The Oxford Handbook of Women and Competition, ed. Maryanne L. Fisher, 25–39 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017).
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О гормонах и женской агрессии: Kristina O. Smiley, Sharon R. Ladyman, Papillon Gustafson, David R. Grattan, and Rosemary S. E. Brown, "Neuroendocrinology and Adaptive Physiology of Maternal Care," Current Topics in Behavioral Neuroscience 43 (2019): 161–210. Выражение женской агрессии, как и мужской, зависит от физиологических и экологических факторов, которые, по-видимому, в большей степени влияют на нейроэндокринную модуляцию агрессии, чем пол как таковой. Natalia Duque-Wilckens and Brian C. Trainor, "Behavioral Neuroendocrinology of Female Aggression," in Oxford Research Encyclopedias: Neuroscience, 1–55 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017).
268
John Archer, "Sex Differences in Aggression in Real-World Settings: A Meta-Analytic Review," Review of General Psychology 8, no. 4 (2004): 291–322.
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Richard W. Wrangham, "Two Types of Aggression in Human Evolution," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 2 (2018): 245–53; A. Siegel and J. Victoroff, "Understanding Human Aggression: New Insights from Neuroscience," International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 32, no. 4 (2009): 209–15.
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Wrangham, "Two Types of Aggression in Human Evolution." War is an exception; it is planned and thus "proactive."
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Justin M. Carré, Cheryl M. McCormick, and Ahmad R. Hariri, "The Social Neuroendocrinology of Human Aggression," Psychoneuroendocrinology 36, no. 7 (2011): 935–44; Wrangham, The Goodness Paradox.
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Wenfeng Zhu, Xiaolin Zhou, and Ling-Xiang Xia, "Brain Structures and Functional Connectivity Associated with Individual Differences in Trait Proactive Aggression," Scientific Reports 9, no. 1 (2019): 1–12; Jilly Naaijen, Leandra M. Mulder, Shahrzad Ilbegi et al., "Specific Cortical and Subcortical Alterations for Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Children and Adolescents with Disruptive Behavior," Neuroimage: Clinical 27 (2020): 102344; Meghan E. Flanigan and Scott J. Russo, "Recent Advances in the Study of Aggression," Neuropsychopharmacology 44, no. 2 (2019): 241–44.
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Mark A. Schmuckler, "What Is Ecological Validity? A Dimensional Analysis," Infancy 2, no. 4 (2001): 419–36.
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United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, "Global Study on Homicide 2019," Booklet 1: Executive Summary, 2019, 22, https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/global-study-on-homicide.html.
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James Alan Fox and Emma E. Fridel, "Gender Differences in Patterns and Trends in US Homicide, 1976–2015," Violence and Gender 4, no. 2 (2017): 37–43; Margo Wilson and Martin Daly, "Coercive Violence by Human Males Against Their Female Partners," in Sexual Coercion in Primates and Humans: An Evolutionary Perspective on Male Aggression Against Females, ed. Martin N. Muller and Richard W. Wrangham, 271–91 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009). Женщины почти никогда не убивают других женщин. Как и у мужчин, жертвами противоположного пола у женщин