and Lennart Sjoberg, “Internet Use, Social Skills, and Adjustment,” Cyberpsychology & Behavior 7, no. 1 (2004): 41–47, https://doi.org/10.1089/109493104322820101.
231 …в летнем лагере, где не было электронных устройств – Yalda T. Uhls, Minas Michikyan, Jordan Morris, Debra Garcia, Gary W. Small, Eleni Zgourou, and Patricia M. Greenfield, “Five Days at Outdoor Education Camp Without Screens Improves Preteen Skills with Nonverbal Emotion Cues,” Computers in Human Behavior 39 (2014): 387–392, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.036.
232 …наложили цветовые отпечатки – Carlos Benitez– Quiroz, Ramprakash Srinivasan, and Aleix M. Martinez, “Facial Color Is an Efficient Mechanism to Visually Transmit Emotion,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 14 (2018): 3581–3586, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716084115.
233 …лишь 7% смысла – Mehrabian, Silent Messages, 75–80.
234 …существуют технологические причины… – Sascha Segan, “How to Make Your Cell Phone Calls Sound Better,” PC Magazine, April 13, 2018, https://www.pcmag.com/article/360357/how–to–make–your–cell–phone–calls–sound–better.
Глава 14. Привычка к отвлекающим факторам
235 …зависимость от электронных устройств – Jon E. Grant and Samuel R. Chamberlain, “Expanding the Definition of Addiction: DSM–5 vs. ICD–11,” CNS Spectrums 21, no. 4 (2016): 300–303, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852916000183.
236 …мы теряем способность предаваться мечтам – Rebecca McMillan, Scott Barry Kaufman, and Jerome L. Singer, “Ode to Positive Constructive Daydreaming,” Frontiers in Psychology 4 (2013): 626, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013. 00626; Claire Zedelius and Jonathan Schooler, “The Richness of Inner Experience: Relating Styles of Daydreaming to Creative Processes,” Frontiers in Psychology 6 (2016): 2063, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02063; Christopher R. Long and James R. Averill, “Solitude: An Exploration of Benefits of Being Alone,” Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 33, no. 1 (2003): 21–44, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468–5914.00204; Samantha Boardman, “Why Doing Nothing Is So Scary–And So Important,” Wall Street Journal, June 20, 2016, https://blogs.wsj.com/experts/2016/06/20/why–doing–nothing–is–so–scary–and–so–important/.
237 Многие великие достижения в науке – Ingrid Wickelgren, “Delivered in a Daydream: 7 Great Achievements That Arose from a Wandering Mind,” Scientific American, February 17, 2011, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/achievements–of–wandering–minds/.
238 …искусстве и словесности – Maria Popova, “The Art of Constructive Daydreaming, ”Brainpickings, October 9, 2013, https://www.brainpickings.org/2013/10/09/mind–wandering–and–creativity/.
239 Исследование, проведенное компанией Microsoft – “Microsoft Attention Spans Research Report,” Scribd, https://www.scribd.com/document/265348695/Microsoft–Attention–Spans–Research–Report.
240 …занимались взаимными придирками по поводу того, как измерять внимание – Simon Maybin, “Busting the Attention Span Myth,” BBC World Service, March 10, 2017, https://www.bbc.com/news/health–38896790.
241 …рекламодателям и СМИ приходится признать – Shawn Lim, “ ‘We Have to Focus on the Data’: Adobe on the Industry’s Short Attention Span,” The Drum, March 8, 2019, https://www.thedrum.com/news/2019/03/08/we–have–focus–the–data– adobe–the–industrys–short–attention–span; Milana Saric, “How Brands Can Still Win Over Customers as Attention Spans Decrease on Social,” AdWeek, November 21, 2017, https://www.adweek.com/brand–marketing/how–brands–can–still–win–over–customers–as–attention–spans–decrease–on–social/; Michelle Castillo, “Millennials Only Have a 5–Second Attention Span for Ads, Says comScore CEO,” CNBC, July 21, 2017, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/21/comscore–ceo–millennials–need–5–to–6– second–ads–to–hold–attention.html.
242 …уделяют электронным статьям не более пятнадцати секунд – Chartbeat proprietary data.
243 В исследовании, проведенном британскими покупателями рекламы – Louise Ridley, “People Swap Devices 21 Times an Hour, Says OMD,” Campaign, January 3, 2014, https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/ article/people–swap–devices–21– times–hour–says–omd/1225960?src_ site = brandrepublic.
244 …чтобы захватывать и удерживать внимание – Tim Wu, The Attention Merchants: The Epic Scramble to Get Inside Our Heads (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016); Nir Eyal, Hooked: How to Build Habit–Forming Products, ed. Ryan Hoover (New York: Portfolio/Penguin, 2014); Henry Farrell, “It’s No Accident Facebook Is So Addictive,” Washington Post, August 6, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey–cage/wp/2018/08/06/its–no–accident–that–facebook–is–so–addictive/; “Why Can’t We Put Down Our Smartphones?,” 60 Minutes, April 7, 2017, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/why–cant–we–put–down–our–smartphones–60–minutes/.
245 …на технологичных электронных биржах – Kate Murphy, “The Ad-Blocking Wars,” The New York Times, February 20, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/21/opinion/sunday/the-ad-blocking-wars.html; George P. Slefo, “Six Leading Exchanges Sign Transparency Pact, But Fraud Concerns Remain,” AdAge, October 18, 2018, https://adage.com/article/digital/exchanges-sign-letter-invite-fraudsters/315308.
246 …с 42 до 24% – Debra Worthington and Margaret Fitch–Hauser, Listening:Processes, Functions and Competency (New York: Routledge, 2016), 4–5. speed–listening Megan Garber, “The Rise of ‘Speed–Listening,’ ” Atlantic, June 24, 2015, https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/06/the–rise–of–speed–listening/396740/.
247 …людям очень тяжело удерживать внимание – Judi Brownell, Listening: Attitudes, Principles, and Skills (New York: Routledge, 2018), 90.
248 …даже обычное присутствие телефона на столе – Andrew Przybylski and Netta Weinstein, “Can You Connect with Me Now? How the Presence of Mobile Communication Technology Influences Face–to–Face Conversation Quality,” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 30, no. 3 (2013): 237–246, https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407512453827.
249 …подавляющее большинство взрослых предпочитают игнорировать детей – Amy Novotney, “Smartphone = Not-So-Smart Parenting?,” American Psychology Association 47, no. 2 (2016), https://www.apa.org/monitor/2016/02/smartphone.
250 Согласно исследованиям в индустрии питания – “Noise Level in Restaurants,” National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, July 22, 2016, https://www.noisyplanet.nidcd.nih.gov/have–you–heard/noise–levels–restaurants; Tiffany Hsu, “Noisy Restaurants: Taking the Din Out of Dinner,” Los Angeles Times, June 8, 2012, https://www.latimes.com/food/la–xpm–2012–jun–08–la–fi–restaurant–noise–20120504–story. html; Jill Lightner, “Yup, Seattle’s Restaurants Have Gotten Noisier: How to Reverse This Trend? We’re All Ears,” Seattle Times, February 26, 2019, https://www.seattletimes.com/life/food–drink/your–suspicions–are–right–seattle–restaurants–are–getting–noisier–how–to–reverse–this–trend–were–all–ears/ ; Julia Beliuz, “Why Restaurants Became So Loud– And How to Fight Back,” Vox, July 27, 2018, https://www.vox.com/2018/4/18/17168504/restaurants–noise–levels–loud–decibels; Kate Wagner, “How Restaurants Got So Loud,” Atlantic, November 27, 2018, https://www. theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/11/how–restaurants–got–so–loud/576715/; Jonathan Kauffman, “Are San Francisco Restaurants Too Loud? A New App Helps Diners Navigate the Noise,” San Francisco Chronicle, December 21, 2018, https://www.sfchronicle.com/restaurants/article/sf-restaurants-quictest-lord-app-soundprintwhich-134759280php.
251 Недавний опрос установил… – “Zagat Releases 2018 Dining Trends Survey,” Zagat (blog), January 8, 2018, https://zagat.googleblog.com/2018/01/zagat–releases–2018–dining–trends– survey.html.
252 …постоянный шум способствует перееданию и заставляет клиентов выбирать менее здоровую пищу – Nanette Stroebele and John M. De Castro, “Effect of Ambience on Food Intake and Food Choice,” Nutrition 20, no. 9 (2004): 821–838, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2004.05.012; Thomas Roballey, Colleen McGreevy, Richard R. Rongo, Michelle L. Schwantes, Peter J. Steger, Marie Wininger, and Elizabeth Gardner, “The Effect of Music on Eating Behavior,” Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 23, no. 3 (1985): 221–222, https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03329832; Dipayan Biswas, Kaisa Lund, and Courtney Szocs, “Sounds Like a Healthy Retail Atmospheric Strategy: Effects of Ambient Music and Background Noise on Food Sales,” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 47, no. 1 (2019): 37–55, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747–018–0583–8.
253 …делает покупателей более уязвимыми – Richard Yalch and Eric Spangenberg, “Effects of Store Music on Shopping Behavior,” Journal