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240

Ibid., 3.

241

Saint John of Damascus, Three Treatises on the Divine Images, trans. Andrew Louth (Crestwood, N. Y.: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2003), 69–70. [Русск. пер.: Иоанн Дамаскин. Три слова в защиту иконопочитания. СПб.: Азбука-классика, 2001. С. 63–64.]

242

Ibid., 29. [Русск. пер.: Иоанн Дамаскин. Указ. соч. С. 40.]

243

Ibid., 29–30. [Русск. пер.: Иоанн Дамаскин. Указ. соч. С. 40–41.]

244

«Православие» в данном случае относится не к Православной церкви, поскольку «Великая Схизма», расколовшая Церковь на католиков и православных, произошла только в 1054 г., а обозначает «традиционную веру».

245

Paul Johnson, Art: A New History (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), 153.

246

John W. Baldwin, The Scholastic Culture of the Middle Ages, 1000–1300 (Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath, 1971), 107; Robert A. Scott, The Gothic Enterprise (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 124–125.

247

Scott, 125.

248

Baldwin, 107.

249

Scott, 103–104.

250

Christopher Wilson, The Gothic Cathedral: The Architecture of the Great Church, 1130–1530 (London: Thames and Hudson, 1990), 65–66.

251

Ibid., 275–276.

252

Baldwin, 107–108.

253

Ibid., 108.

254

Scott, 132.

255

Stanley L. Jaki, "Medieval Creativity in Science and Technology", in Patterns or Principles and Other Essays (Bryn Mawr, Pa.: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 1995), 75.

256

Имеется в виду книга: Robert Scott, The Gothic Enterprise.

257

Alexander Clarence Frick, The Rise of the Mediaeval Church (NewYork: BurtFranklin, 1909), 600.

258

Erwin Panofsky, Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism (NewYork. Meridian, 1985 [1951]), 69–70.

259

James Franklin, "The Renaissance Myth", Quadrant 26 (November 1982): 53–54.

260

Kenneth Clark, Civilisation (New York: HarperPerennial, 1969), 186; цит. no: JosephE. MacDonnell, Companions of Jesuits: A Tradition of Collaboration (Fairfield, Conn.: Humanities Institute, 1995).

261

Louis Gillet, «Raphael», Catholic Encyclopedia, 2nd ed., 1913.

262

Klemens Loffler, "Pope Leo X", Catholic Encyclopedia, 2nd ed., 1913.

263

Will Durant, The Renaissance (New York: MJF Books, 1953), 484.

264

Fred S. Kleiner, ChristinJ. Mamiya, and Richard G. Tansey, Gardner's Art Through the Ages, llth ed., vol. 1 (New York: Wadsworth, 2001), 526–527.

265

Samuel Y. Edgerton, Jr., The Heritage of Giotto's Geometry: Art and Science on the Eve of the Scientific Revolution (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991), 10.

266

Шарден Жан-Батист Симеон (1699–1779) – французский живописец. – Прим. ред.

267

Ibid., 4.

268

Ibid., 289.

269

Bernice Hamilton, Political Thought in Sixteenth-Century Spain (London: Oxford University Press, 1963), 98; J. A. Fernandez-Santamaria, The State, War and Peace: Spanish Political Thought in the Renaissance, 1516–1559 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), 60–61.

270

Lewis Hanke, The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1965 [1949]), 17.

271

Carl Watner, "All Mankind Is One': The Libertarian Tradition in Sixteenth Century Spain", Journal of Libertarian Studies 8 (Summer 1987): 295–296.

272

Michael Novak, The Universal Hunger for Liberty (New York: Basic Books, 2004), 24. Так называют и голландского протестанта Гуго Гроция.

273

Marcelo Sanchez-Sorondo, "Vitoria: The Original Philosopher of Rights", in Hispanic Philosophy in the Age of Discovery, Kevin White, ed. (Washington, D. C: Catholic University of America Press, 1997), 66.

274

Watner, "All Mankind Is One", 294; Уотнер цитирует: Lewis Hanke, All Mankind Is One (De Kalb, 111.: Northern Illinois University Press, 1974), 142.

275

James Brown Scott, The Spanish Origin of International Law (Washington, D.C.: School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, 1928), 65.

276

Ср. Sanchez-Sorondo, " Vitoria: The Original Philosopher of Rights", 60.

277

Venancio D. Cairo, "The Spanish Theological-Juridical Renaissance and the Ideology of Bartolome de Las Casas", in Bartolome de Las Casas in History: Toward an Understanding of the Man and His Work, eds. Juan Friede and Benjamin Keen (DeKalb, III: Northern Illinois University Press, 1971), 251–252.

278

Ibid., 253.

279

Ibid.

280

Fernandez-Santamaria, 79.

281

Hamilton, 61.

282

Scott, 41.

283

Ibid., 61.

284

Summa Theologiae, II–II, q. 10, а. 8.

285

Sanchez-Sorondo, " Vitoria: The Original Philosopher of Rights", 67.

286

Hamilton, 19.

287

Ibid., 21.

288

Ibid., 24.

289

Fernandez-Santamaria, 78.

290

Brian Tierney, The Idea of Natural Rights: Studies on Natural Rights, Natural Law, and Church Law, 1150–1625 (Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 2001 [1997]), 269–270.

291

Eduardo Andujar, "Bartolome de Las Casas and Juan Gines de Sepulveda: Moral Theology versus Political Philosophy", in White, ed., Hispanic Philosophy, 76–78.

292

Ibid, 87.

293

Rafael Alvira and Alfredo Cruz, "The Controversy Between Las Casas and Sepulveda at Valladolid", in White, ed., Hispanic Philosophy, 93.

294

Ibid.

295

Ibid., 95.

296

Ibid., 92–93.

297

Andujar, "Bartolome de Las Casas and Juan Gines de Sepulveda",84.

298

Cairo, The Spanish Theological-Juridical Renaissance, 275.

299

Цит. по: Watner, "'All Mankind Is One'", 303–304.

300

Lewis H. Hanke, Bartolome de Las Casas: An Interpretation of His Life and Writings (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1951), 87.

301

Ср.: Carlos G. Norefla, "Francisco Suarez on Democracy and International Law", in White, ed., Hispanic Philosophy, 271.

302

Fernandez-Santamaria, 62.

303

Samuel Eliot Morison, The Oxford History of the American People, vol. 1, Prehistory to 1789 (New York: Meridian, 1994 [1965]), 40.

304

Цит. по: Robert С. Royal, Columbus On Trial: 1492 v. 1992, 2nd ed. (Herndon, Va.: Young America's Foundation, 1993), 23–24.

305

Ср.: С. Brown, " Old World v. New: Culture Shock in 1492", Peninsula [Harvard], Sept. 1992, 11.

306

Hanke, The Spanish Struggle for Justice, 178–179.

307

Joseph A. Schumpeter, History ofEconomic Analysis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1954), 97. [Русск. пер.: Шумпетер И. История экономического анализа. СПб.: Экономическая школа, 2001. Т. 1. С. 122.]

308

См.: Raymond de Roover, "The Concept of the Just Price: Theory and Economic Policy", Journal of Economic Histo – ry 18 (1958): 418–434; idem, Business, Banking, and Economic Thought in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Selected Studies of Raymond de Roover, ed. Julius Kirshner (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), esp. 306–345; Alejandro A. Chafuen, Faith and Liberty: The Economic Thought of the Late Scholastics (Lanham, Md.: Lexington, 2003); Marjorie Grice-Hutchinson, The School of Salamanca: Readings in Spanish Monetary Theory, 1544–1605 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1952); idem, Early Economic Thought in Spain, 1177–1740 (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1978); Joseph Schumpeter, History of Economic Analysis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1954) [Русск. пер.: Шумпетер И. История экономического анализа. СПб.: Экономическая школа, 2001]; Murray N. Rothbard, An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought, vol. 1: Economic Thought Before Adam Smith (Hants, England: Edward Elgar, 1995), 99-133.

309

Rothbard, Economic Thought Before Adam Smith, 73–74. Великий экономист XX века Людвиг фон Мизес доказал, что деньги могут возникнуть только таким образом.

310

Ibid., 74; см. также: Thomas E. Woods, Jr., The Church and the Market: A Catholic Defense of the Free Economy (Lanham, Md.: Lexington, 2005), 87–89, 93.

311

Jörg Guido Hulsmann, "Nicholas Oresme and the First Monetary Treatise", May 18, 2004 http://www.mises. org/story/1516.

312

Rothbard, Economic Thought Before Adam Smith, 76.

313

Hulsmann, "Nicholas Oresme and the First Monetary Treatise".

314

Chafuen, 62.

315

О символике ключа в Библии и, в частности, об интерпретации этого спорного места (Мф 16, 18) см.: Stanley L. Jaki, The Keys of the Kingdom: A Tool's Witness to Truth (Chicago, 111.: Franciscan Herald Press, 1986).

316

Rothbard, Economic Thought Before Adam Smith, 100–101.

317

Ibid., 60–61.

318

Ibid., 62.

319

Murray N. Rothbard, "New Light on the Prehistory of the Austrian School", in The Foundations of Modern Austrian Economics, ed. Edwin G. Dolan (Kansas City: Sheed &Ward, 1976), 55.

320

Chafuen, 84–85.

321

Ibid., 84.

322

«Взгляды Карла Менгера становятся понятнее всего в общем контексте аристотелианства/неосхоластики XIX века». Samuel Bostaph, "The Methodenstreit", в: The Elgar Companion to Austrian Economics, ed. Peter J. Boettke (Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 1994), 460.

323

Carl Menger, Principles of Economics, trans. James Dingwall and Bert F. Hoselitz (Grove City, Penn.: Libertarian Press, 1994), 64–66. [Русск. пер.: Менгер К. Основания политической экономии // Менгер К. Избранные работы. М.: Территория будущего, 2005. С. 160–163.]

324

В силу самого факта (лат.). – Прим. ред.

325

Ответ Марксу можно найти в незаслуженно забытой работе Бём-Баверка: Eugen von Bohm-Bawerk, Karl Marx and the Close of His System (London: TF Unwin, 1898) [Русск. пер.: Бём-Баверк О. К завершению марксистской системы // Бём-Баверк О. Критика теории Маркса. Челябинск: Социум, 2002. С. 3 – 135]. Еще более убедительное и фундаментальное опровержение позиции Маркса, доказывающее ее полную ошибочность (и при этом не основанное на теории субъективной ценности) можно найти в: George Reisman, Capitalism (Ottawa, 111.: Jameson Books, 1996).